The first piece is well written and helpful to those who are
trying to understand something of the controversies that are raging over Two
Kingdom theology. This is compounded by the fact that there are in reality
several variations of this teaching, and some with significant differences.
In this piece Evans is dealing with some of the Reformed
varieties which actually differ from my own position which is more akin to a
Medieval or Anabaptist understanding of these issues.
Thus when Evans mentions people like Van Drunen and Michael
Horton it must be emphasized that while they technically hold to a variety of
Two Kingdom theology, there's is not the same as what I or many others would
hold to. He also mentioned Daryl Hart who is sometimes referred to as a
proponent of Radical Two Kingdom Theology by his enemies. Actually I would
probably go even further than Hart but generally I am far more appreciative of
his positions than those of Van Drunen or Horton. Hart is not alone, but his
name is most often associated with the 'radical' label.
Since I believe the heart of this issue has to do with our
understanding of the antithesis between the Kingdom of God and the world,
'radical' is a label I happily embrace.
Horton's position while certainly preferable to that of most
Reformed ideas concerning the Kingdom stems from a mix of Lutheran theology and
an adherence to the ideas of Abraham Kuyper. From my perspective it's a strange
mix of Two Kingdom theology with a sort of Dominionist twist. Reading his books
I find that I strongly agree with much of what he says in theory but then when
he gets to application I find myself almost completely disagreeing with him.
There's a strict separation of the 'spheres' (a concept I
reject) but more positively Horton definitely does not have an expectation of a
complete victory for Christendom like what we might find with Postmillennialists.
While that may sound strange that I wouldn't find that desirable, if you grasp
the Christendom itself is a false concept, indeed a form of apostasy, then you
will comprehend my meaning.
In terms of Kuyper's Sphere Sovereignty model, the problem
lies in the fact that while Kuyper tries to separate the realms of authority
and nature of mission between the spheres of state, church and family, it's all
for nothing because the state and culture are still placed within the context
of the Kingdom of God...the work of the Holy Spirit. This doctrine is alien to
the New Testament.
Van Drunen is perhaps thinking along similar lines but has
worked to emphasize the role of Natural Law for use in the formulation of
social morality...the realm of the world that is not specifically Redemptive or
redeemed by the Holy Spirit.
The difference would be that contrary to the caricatures
given by Two Kingdom critics, I believe
that applying our faith to all of life will mean that there's much in the world
that is simply beyond hope of redemption. In fact I argue we're not even taught or told
to think in those terms.
Our best hope is stable, peaceful functionality for the
Church to preach the Gospel. Notions of justice, Godly ethics or some kind of
Christian stamp on legislation are not only beyond the scope of the Church's
mission but in light of Biblical theology completely futile.
At best we're just trying to make Babylon work a little
better but even at its best, it's still just Babylon and that's all it will
ever be.
A Moral Babylon is still at its heart pagan and evil. This
is why it is very dangerous when we cover it with Christian trappings and try
to sanctify its evil pagan deeds.
Evans emphasizes the Kingdom of God is something bigger than
the Church. He would include the contributions of civilization. This view is
contrary to the New Testament teaching that the Kingdom is Redemptive, that it
is a work of redemption by the Holy Spirit. God has not come to redeem culture.
The world will be redeemed and purified by fire and the Holy world we look for and
its 'culture' are in Christ and in the Age to Come. At present that holy
culture can only be found within the confines of the Holy Nation, the Temple of
Zion, the Church of Jesus Christ.
Evans falls into the mistake of thinking that Two Kingdom
theology is dismissive of the world or thinks that somehow our Christianity or
Christian ethics are dispensed with as we go out into the world. On the
contrary, we are deliberately conscious of the fact we are Christians and that
there is an antithesis. The Scriptures tell us (the people in Covenant with
God) how to interact with world in terms of power, economics, work and all the
rest. The difference is we're going to say these things cannot be redeemed and
thus there is no specific 'blueprint' or agenda in how to transform these
things.
Detractors like Evans take that to mean that we're ignoring
the issue or believe we just act like pagans with no moral understanding.
Ironically I would point out that is in fact what they end up doing. Medieval
Christendom followed the same pattern.
By viewing the world as the Kingdom or potential Kingdom
they consequently sanctify a great many ideas and concepts that have no
business being sanctified... or to put it another way, things are blessed and
viewed as virtuous which are in many cases sinful.
Again I point to the idea that a dressed up Babylon with
'angels in the architecture' is in fact more dangerous and deceptive and in the
case of Medieval Christendom anti-Christian. At least the thousands of
persecuted Christians thought so and denounced the Papacy and Medieval
Christendom as Antichrist.
They did not view knights, castles and cathedrals as
manifestations of a glorious Christian civilization. This was the evil system
they denounced and which persecuted them. This was little more than baptized
idolatry and violence.
Today many have re-embraced the Medieval concept of Christendom.
They do not wish to revisit it in terms of how it was conceptualized under the
Papacy but they embrace the general idea. The debate in their circles is over
how much to try and preserve/re-capture vs. whether to try and start anew.
Some Two Kingdom advocates have erred in trying to find
historical roots in Augustine's City of God. While Augustine is certainly a bit
more nuanced than some of the later alternatives, in the end his view proved
more than compatible with the ascendant Constantinianism of his day. Augustine
is to be appreciated on many fronts but not on this one.
The Lutheran version of Two Kingdoms is often cited by
people like Horton and others who wish to criticize the more 'radical' version
which I am an adherent of. When it's convenient they use Luther against us,
implying we're not the 'real' Two Kingdom view. And when inconvenient some turn
to deceit and blame Two Kingdom theology for the German Church's acquiescence
to the Nazis. Both assessments are mistaken.
First, Luther's own teachings which are actually similar to
Augustine were never followed. Cuius regio, eius religio or 'Whose realm, his
religion' is not Luther's view and yet that became the dominant understanding
of German religion in the centuries which followed. Basically this was state
Christianity and this legacy continued even after German Unification in the 19th
century as the Prussian Kaisers tinkered with the Protestant State Church as
they willed.
If you wish to blame any one reason for the
German Church's capitulation to Hitler it must be found in sanctified
nationalism, the idea that Germany and German-ness were Christian and thus
since Hitler was restoring and enhancing these ideas they could (at least in
part) embrace his overall vision. That's what Niemoller and others testified.
That's why the followed Hitler.
Sanctified Nationalism as I have called it is
a direct fruit and necessary consequence of Sacralism, this form of thinking
that confuses 'this world' with the Kingdom of God and believes everything in
culture (and thus the state) plays a role in advancing the Kingdom.
It is a powerful force that produced not only
Medieval Christendom, but the later Empires and was used to justify racist
policies and certainly played no small role in the justification of slavery
both in the American South and certainly in places like South Africa.
Evans blames Luther's view for the rise of
secularism, but this is also reductionist if not misguided. The Roman Catholic
social consensus had been eradicated and no one could agree on what the Bible
actually taught. The divisions within Protestantism meant the Bible alone could
not be the basis for a unified society.
This generated a new era of re-thinking and
examination which would in the end (and certainly after a century of warfare)
lead to the Enlightenment. The Reformation itself is indirectly to blame for
the later rise of secularism.
Evans turns to Calvin and though some Two
Kingdom advocates (mostly associated with Westminster West in California) have
erroneously tried to claim the Genevan Reformer, the reality is Calvin was
clearly an unabashed Theocrat. Evans would prefer this labeling and I will
certainly not argue with him. Only those who are playing the heritage-claim
game are going to display an interest in trying to read Calvin otherwise.
I found Evans' comments regarding the Lutheran
Law-Gospel hermeneutic and how it differs from Reformed thinking to be helpful.
While I wouldn't agree with Horton's understanding of Two Kingdoms, Evans
indicates some Lutheran influence in some Two Kingdom thinking. This is true.
In fact I would go further and say that Horton and some of those associated
with him are in fact Crypto-Lutherans within the Reformed camp and yet are
trying to still 'claim' themselves as the proper heirs of the Reformed
heritage. Neither claim is of any interest to me as I have no stake in their
struggle, but I appreciate Evans' comments.
The Southern Presbyterian Church is often
blamed (at least in part) for the modern manifestation of Two Kingdom theology
in Reformed circles. Their famous concept of 'Church Spirituality' is often
cited. I think this assessment is myopic. First I don't think it has had a
great deal of influence in Presbyterianism and even less so in the contemporary
South where the Southern tradition is venerated.
One thinks of Greenville Presbyterian Theological
Seminary. This school perhaps more than any other wishes to perpetuate the
Southern Presbyterian tradition. I can assure you the 'spirituality' doctrine
is not something that is being presently emphasized. If anything it's a bit of
a dilemma for them, a source of embarrassment. There are (or were) a handful of
Neo-Confederates there, but the heart of that movement in today's venue is
hardly a call for silence and retreat on political issues.
I think the 'spirituality' doctrine was
largely a mechanism for disentangling the Southern body from the thorny
politics of slavery and is effectively dead. On occasion I will hear some of
the Westminster West men refer to it but it's hardly something they wish to
evoke or emulate as the context is awkward.
Finally I found it ironic and not a little
amusing that Evans would accuse Two Kingdom theology of not properly
appreciating the 'dialectical' continuity between the Old and New worlds. To
Evans we have over-emphasized the fact that passages like 2 Peter 3 clearly
teach this world and all of its works will burn. Evans is one who would hope to
see the contributions of so-called Christian culture in heaven. We will have
Bach, Rembrandt, Newton and Wren in heaven. Thus since they are redeemed they
are worth cultivating and fighting for.
Again it must be emphasized that it is Evans
position which has rejected dialectical tensions and sees the Kingdom in 'Monistic'
terms. His view is Sacralist and in the end destroys the notions of antithesis
(itself a dialectic) and the idea that we are pilgrims dwelling in a world
ruled by the prince of the power of the air.
While speaking that way is bothersome to some
it is in fact Scriptural. Paul made his statement after the Ascension and
enthronement of Christ. There is a dialectical or dynamic tension as we live in
the world and yet are not of it.
Evans and those like him fail to distinguish
between the Reign of Christ which is 'Already' universal but at the same time
'Not-Yet' in terms of time and space. He reigns as YHWH the Creator and
ultimately the Judge. But his Holy Realm is the Kingdom of God which is not of
this world or this age.
The dialectical tension exists between This
Age and the Age to Come. This is at the heart of the antithesis between the
Church and the world. We are not of this world and thus this world and its
works are not part of our Kingdom. Civilization is not in Covenant with God. It
has not and in fact cannot be redeemed by the work of the Holy Spirit. Where do
we read that Christ died for culture, the arts and sciences or political
constructs? It is Evans who has failed to grasp this dialectic and the many
more concerning the Kingdom which run throughout Scripture.
Evans ends with a statement regarding the Reformed
Tradition. And that's what this fight is really about. If you're outside their
camp as I am they have no interest in even interacting with you. You are
dismissed as a Gnostic or Anabaptist of which I am neither. Ultimately this
fight is political within the battlefield of denominations and the narratives
attached to Confessional traditions.